{"id":17533,"date":"2015-03-08T15:39:24","date_gmt":"2015-03-08T13:39:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tdv.org\/tr-TR\/?p=17533"},"modified":"2023-05-15T15:41:38","modified_gmt":"2023-05-15T12:41:38","slug":"vakif-ve-medeniyet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tdv.org\/tr-TR\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\/","title":{"rendered":"Vak\u0131f ve Medeniyet"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Prof. Dr. Tahsin \u00d6zcan
\nMarmara \u00dcniversitesi \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi<\/p>\n

Tarih boyunca d\u00fcnyam\u0131z farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ve medeniyetlere evsahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her medeniyet, benimsedi\u011fi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi kendine has de\u011ferleriyle ve kurumlar\u0131yla di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi bizlere bu alanda say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6rnekler sunar. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinin hay\u0131rseverlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla di\u011fer medeniyetlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f ise medeniyetimizin al\u00e2met-i f\u00e2rikas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan vak\u0131f kurumunun geli\u015fmesine zemin olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m dini, sosyal adaleti ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131, toplumsal dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik hay\u0131r yapma, sadaka verme gibi prensiplere son derece \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Bu konudaki dini emir ve tavsiyeler, bencil (egoist) bir ki\u015filikten ziy\u00e2de ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 kendisine tercih eden, ki\u015fisel kazan\u00e7 ve faydadan \u00e7ok toplumun menfaatlerini \u00f6n planda tutan di\u011fergam (altruist) bir insan tipinin geli\u015ftirilmesini hedeflemektedir. Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019de bir\u00e7ok \u00e2yet-i ker\u00eemede hay\u0131r yapmak ve sadaka vermek konusunda emir ve te\u015fvikler yer almaktad\u0131r. Hz. Peygamber (S.A.V.)\u2019in had\u00ees-i \u015feriflerinde de bu konuyla ilgili tavsiye ve te\u015fvikler yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bizzat Hz. Peygamber ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ash\u00e2b-\u0131 kir\u00e2mdan \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin bu do\u011frultuda uygulamalar\u0131na da \u015fahit olmaktay\u0131z. Siyer, hadis ve \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi kaynaklar\u0131nda konuyla ilgili bir\u00e7ok uygulama \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

Hay\u0131r yapma ve sadaka verme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kurumsal bir kimlik kazanmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan vak\u0131flar, fertlerin sahip olduklar\u0131 serveti toplumun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu farkl\u0131 alanlarda hizmete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren bir yap\u0131 olarak \u0130sl\u00e2m toplumlar\u0131nda merkezi bir yer edinmi\u015flerdir. \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar \u00f6nemini ve i\u015flevini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bir kurum olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan, vak\u0131flar sosyal hayat\u0131n hemen her alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren, bir\u00e7ok toplumsal ihtiyac\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda rol oynayan bir kurum olmu\u015ftur. \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinin tezah\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 alanlardaki kurumsal altyap\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinde ve hizmetlerinin etkin bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde vak\u0131f kurumu \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flev y\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinden bahsedilirken baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin vak\u0131f kurumunun \u00f6nemini vurgulamak amac\u0131yla bir vak\u0131f medeniyetinden s\u00f6z etmeleri son derece isabetli bir tespittir.<\/p>\n

Vak\u0131f benzeri kurumlar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00f6ncesinde farkl\u0131 topluluklarda da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak bunlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir alanda ve daha \u00e7ok mabetlerin veya dini yap\u0131lar\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 ve faaliyetlerini bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m toplumlar\u0131nda ise vak\u0131f kurumu sadece dini alanla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayarak toplumsal hayat\u0131n farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz eden ve \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayan bir kurum haline gelmi\u015ftir.
\n\u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde ilk vak\u0131flar\u0131n daha ilk d\u00f6nemde, bizzat Hz. Peygamber taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Hz. Peygamber sahip oldu\u011fu Fedek arazisini fakirlerin istifadesine tahsis etti\u011fi gibi ash\u00e2b-\u0131 kir\u00e2mdan da bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi onu \u00f6rnek alarak vak\u0131flar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Medine\u2019nin su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kuyular\u0131n sat\u0131n al\u0131narak vakfedilmesi, Mescid-i Nebev\u00ee\u2019nin ve yan\u0131ba\u015f\u0131nda bir e\u011fitim kurumu olarak bizzat Hz. Peygamber\u2019in kurdu\u011fu Suffe\u2019nin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, sefere \u00e7\u0131kmaya haz\u0131rlanan ordunun te\u00e7hiz edilmesi, hac\u0131lar\u0131n yol boyunca ve Mekke\u2019de ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 birtak\u0131m hizmetler kurulan vak\u0131flar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Asr-\u0131 saadette ilk \u00f6rnekleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu kurumsal yap\u0131lanma daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi boyunca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topluluklar ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7leri nispetinde irili ufakl\u0131 binlerce vak\u0131f kurarak insanlar\u0131n hizmetine sunmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam eden bu gelenek neticesinde vak\u0131f kurumu ve onun temelini olu\u015fturan hay\u0131r ve sadaka anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinin \u00f6nemli bir vasf\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.
\nVak\u0131f kurumu \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi boyunca \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydetmi\u015f, Emeviler, Abbasiler, Meml\u00fckler, Karahanl\u0131lar ve Sel\u00e7uklular d\u00f6nemlerinde yayg\u0131n bir kurum haline gelmi\u015ftir. Uygulamada g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu yayg\u0131nl\u0131k konunun hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan da ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, f\u0131k\u0131h ilmi i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131 bir ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda vak\u0131f hukuku olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. F\u0131k\u0131h kitaplar\u0131nda genellikle \u201ckit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-vakf\u201d veya \u201cahk\u00e2m\u00fc\u2019-l-vakf\u201d gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda incelenen vak\u0131f hukuku ile ilgili olarak m\u00fcstakil eserler de kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, konuyla ilgili zengin bir literat\u00fcr olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m toplumlar\u0131nda vak\u0131flar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok alanda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan hizmetler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu hizmetler ba\u015fta e\u011fitim olmak \u00fczere sa\u011fl\u0131k, altyap\u0131 ve bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hay\u0131r hizmeti, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmetler ve \u015fehircilik hizmetleri gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda toplanabilir. Bu alanlarda insanlara hizmet veren kurumlar hay\u0131r sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve yine ilgili vak\u0131flar\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 desteklerle hizmetlerini kesintisiz bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme imkan\u0131 bulabilmi\u015flerdir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ba\u015fta medreseler olmak \u00fczere her seviyedeki e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131; d\u00e2r\u00fc\u015f\u015fif\u00e2 gibi sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131; c\u00e2mi, mescit gibi dini hizmet veren m\u00fcesseseler; k\u00fct\u00fcphane, tekke gibi dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmetler veren kurumlar vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f; \u015fehirlerin yol, su, k\u00f6pr\u00fc vb. altyap\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vak\u0131flarca kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde vak\u0131flara gelir getirmek i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan ve akar\u00e2t-\u0131 mevk\u00fbfe olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, d\u00fckkan, ev, han, hamam ve imalathaneler de \u015fehirlerin ticari ve s\u0131n\u00e2\u00ee altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta, mesken ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar kendilerinden \u00f6nceki \u0130sl\u00e2m toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n birikimini tevar\u00fcs etmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, vak\u0131f kurumunu hem uygulamada hem de hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan daha da geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Vak\u0131flar mevcut i\u015flevlerine ilaveten Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nceki \u0130sl\u00e2m toplumlar\u0131nda olmayan birtak\u0131m fonksiyonlar da \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir. Osmanl\u0131lar tahsisat vak\u0131flar\u0131 ve aile vak\u0131flar\u0131 (z\u00fcrr\u00ee vak\u0131flar) gibi farkl\u0131 vak\u0131f t\u00fcrlerini yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde uygulaman\u0131n yan\u0131nda ic\u00e2reteyn, gedik gibi uygulamalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Bunun yan\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lara \u00f6zg\u00fc bir vak\u0131f t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan para vak\u0131flar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla da bir yandan vak\u0131f hizmetlerinin daha da geni\u015flemesine imkan sa\u011flan\u0131rken di\u011fer taraftan da fertlerin nakit ve kredi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmeleri i\u00e7in me\u015fru\/legal bir kurumsal yap\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla vak\u0131f kurumu ayn\u0131 zamanda bir finans kurumu ve sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ve yard\u0131mla\u015fma kurumu fonksiyonunu da \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130ktisat tarih\u00e7ileri para vak\u0131flar\u0131 ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde farkl\u0131 bir model olarak geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6zel finans kurumlar\u0131 ve kat\u0131l\u0131m bankalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda birtak\u0131m benzerliklere i\u015faret etmektedirler. Buna ilaveten, \u00f6zellikle toplumsal dayan\u0131\u015fma y\u00f6n\u00fc \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ve son y\u0131llarda uygulamada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6r\u00fclen mikro finans konusu ile para vak\u0131flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerlik de dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmetlere, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k hizmetlerine merkezi devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden herhangi bir kaynak ay\u0131rmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu hizmetler devletin en \u00fcst makam\u0131nda yer alan padi\u015fahdan s\u0131radan vatanda\u015fa kadar toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn bireylerinin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile vak\u0131f gelene\u011fi i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Vak\u0131f gelene\u011finin ortaya koydu\u011fu eserlerin en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerini daha \u00e7ok padi\u015fahlar\u0131n ve y\u00fcksek dereceli devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ya da di\u011fer saray mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n himmetleriyle kurulan k\u00fclliyeler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde kendi ad\u0131na bir vak\u0131f kurmayan padi\u015fah, devlet adam\u0131 veya saray mensubu yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da k\u00fclliye olarak ifade edilen kombine bir hizmet m\u00fcessesesi \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n

Mimar Sinan\u2019\u0131n elinde V\u00e2lide-i Atik, S\u00fcleymaniye, Selimiye gibi \u00f6rnekleriyle mimarinin zirvesine ula\u015fan k\u00fclliyelerin \u015fehirlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda ve \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015finde oynad\u0131klar\u0131 rol itibariyle de \u00f6nemle incelenmesi gerekmektedir. B\u00fcnyesinde yer alan kurumlar\u0131 ve i\u015fleyi\u015fini sa\u011flayan vak\u0131flar\u0131yla \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve \u00e7ok fonksiyonlu bir manzume te\u015fkil eden k\u00fclliyelerin \u015fehirlerin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini te\u015fkil etti\u011fi ve \u015fehir hayat\u0131nda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli altyap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Vak\u0131flar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 yap\u0131lar genellikle iki ana kategoride de\u011ferlendirilir. Birinci grupta yer alan yap\u0131lar vakf\u0131n gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ticari, s\u0131nai, s\u0131hhi vb. faaliyetlere altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, bedesten, han, hamam gibi kurumlard\u0131r. Bunlara akar\u00e2t-\u0131 mevk\u00fbfe ad\u0131 verilir. \u0130kinci grupta ise cami, mektep, medrese, imaret, dergah, dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa vb\u2019den olu\u015fan ve dini-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetlere, e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturan m\u00fcesseseler yer almaktad\u0131r ki, bunlara da m\u00fcesses\u00e2t-\u0131 hayriyye denilir. Birinci grupta yer alan akar\u00e2t-\u0131 mevk\u00fbfeden elde edilen gelirler vakf\u0131n gelir kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta, ikinci grupta yer alan m\u00fcesses\u00e2t-\u0131 hayriyyenin faaliyetleri bu kaynaktan elde edilen gelirlerle finanse edilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclliyelerin kurulu\u015funda mali kaynak ilgili vakf\u0131n kurucusu taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131. Bu noktada konunun bir devlet politikas\u0131 olarak da benimsendi\u011fi ve desteklendi\u011fi, yap\u0131lan tahsislerle de te\u015fvik edildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Vak\u0131f kurucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan birtak\u0131m gelirlerin tahsisi ve vakf\u0131 suretiyle kurulan bu vak\u0131flar b\u00fcnyesinde k\u00fclliyenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve kendi kendine yeten bir iktisadi b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturarak faaliyetlerini devam ettirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Vakfiyede ortaya konulan \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde idari ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa da sahip bulunan vak\u0131flar eliyle hizmetler etkin bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclliyelerin merkezinde ibadet ve e\u011fitim mahalli olan camiler yer almaktad\u0131r. Camiler halk\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ibadetlerini ifa etti\u011fi bir mekan olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda medrese \u00f6\u011frencilerinin ders g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitim kurumu ve halka a\u00e7\u0131k muhtelif programlar\u0131yla da bir yayg\u0131n e\u011fitim kurumu olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Camilerin geni\u015f bir personel kadrosuyla hizmet verdikleri ve dini atmosferin canl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir hareketlili\u011fe yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Cami i\u00e7inde imam, hatip, m\u00fcezzin gibi g\u00f6revlilerin yan\u0131nda ihdas edilen birtak\u0131m g\u00f6revlerle de hem dini hayat canl\u0131 tutulmu\u015f hem de istihdama katk\u0131da bulunulmu\u015ftur. Yine k\u00fclliye b\u00fcnyesinde yer alan ba\u015fta cami olmak \u00fczere medrese, mektep ve tekkelerde ilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131 bir ortam buldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Medrese \u00f6\u011frencilerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn ia\u015fe ve ibate masraflar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kendilerine ayr\u0131ca cep har\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da verilmekteydi. M\u00fcderrislerin (\u00f6\u011fretim elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n) da olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek \u00fccretlerle istihdam edildikleri ve ilmi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131n vak\u0131flar\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 imkanlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde uygun bir geli\u015fme zemini buldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\nMedrese ve mektepler k\u00fclliyenin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kurumlarda her seviyede e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Dar\u00fclhadis, dar\u00fclkurra gibi dini ilimlere y\u00f6nelik ihtisas medreseleri, t\u0131p e\u011fitimi yap\u0131lan ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti verilen dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifalar da k\u00fclliyelerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifa, dar\u00fclafiye, dar\u00fctt\u0131b, bimarhane gibi isimlerle an\u0131lan sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulu\u015flar\u0131 hastalar\u0131n muayene ve tedavilerinin \u00fccretsiz olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi kurumlard\u0131r. Bu kurumlar\u0131n geni\u015f ve e\u011fitimli bir kadro ile hizmet verdikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Medresenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ya da m\u00fcstakillen olu\u015fturulan k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler de burada zikredilmesi gereken \u00f6nemli bir unsurdur.<\/p>\n

\u0130maret denilen a\u015f evleri ise k\u00fclliye b\u00fcnyesinde bulunan m\u00fcesseselerin personeline, medrese \u00f6\u011frencilerine ve halktan ihtiya\u00e7 sahiplerine yemek verilen mekanlard\u0131r. \u0130maretlerin titiz bir \u015fekilde i\u015fletildi\u011fi ve vakfiyede belirlenen standartlar\u0131n muhafazas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclliye b\u00fcnyesinde yer alan tabhanelerin birer misafirhane h\u00fcviyetinde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Tekke, zaviye, dergah gibi isimlerle an\u0131lan m\u00fcesseseler ise geni\u015f halk kitlelerine belli bir usul \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde moral e\u011fitimin verildi\u011fi, bunun yan\u0131nda edebiyat, musiki, g\u00fczel sanatlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine uygun zeminin olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu mekanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zikredilenlere ilaveten vaktin tayinine hizmet eden muvakkithaneler, personelin bar\u0131nma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak olu\u015fturulan me\u015fruta binalar\u0131, kuyu, \u00e7e\u015fme, sebil, \u015fad\u0131rvan gibi su tesisleri de k\u00fclliye b\u00fcnyesinde say\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zikredilen unsurlar\u0131yla k\u00fclliyelerin \u015fehir hayat\u0131nda merkezi bir yerinin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. K\u00fclliyeler, yeni kurulan bir yerle\u015fim yerinin ya da mevcut bir \u015fehrin geli\u015fmekte olan kesimlerinde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan hizmetler i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulmaktayd\u0131. Kurulan bir k\u00fclliyenin \u00e7evresi k\u0131sa zamanda geli\u015ferek \u00f6nemli bir yerle\u015fim yeri haline gelmekteydi. \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra kurulan Fatih K\u00fclliyesi bunun tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fini te\u015fkil eder. Fatih K\u00fclliyesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte etraf\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa zamanda geli\u015fti\u011fi ve mamur bir hale geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclliyeye ait vakf\u0131n gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, bedesten, han, d\u00fckkan, imalathane gibi mekanlar bulunduklar\u0131 mahallin ticari ve s\u0131nai ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli altyap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturarak \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Ticaret ve zenaat ehli, makul bir kira ile d\u00fckkan a\u00e7abildi\u011fi gibi buralardan elde edilen kira gelirleri de vakf\u0131n hizmetlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi i\u00e7in gerekli mali kayna\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gelir kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ciddi bir pay sahibi olan ve mesken olarak kullan\u0131lan gayrimenkullerin de bulunmas\u0131 k\u00fclliyelerin \u015fehrin mesken ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir fonksiyon icra etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Me\u015fruta olarak kullan\u0131lan evler de dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vak\u0131f sisteminin bu konudaki katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha da artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Buna medrese \u00f6\u011frencilerinin bar\u0131nmas\u0131na tahsis edilen medrese odalar\u0131n\u0131 da ilave etmek gerekir ki bu takdirde vak\u0131f sisteminin konut ve bar\u0131nma meselesinin hallinde merkezi bir role sahip oldu\u011fu rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclliyeler bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerde bir iktisadi cazibe merkezi olarak da \u00f6nemli katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ticari ve s\u0131nai faaliyetlere altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, bedesten, imalathane gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bizzat vak\u0131f b\u00fcnyesinde istihdam edilen personel ve bunlar\u0131n aileleri ile birlikte ikamet ettikleri alan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir iktisadi hareketlili\u011fe zemin haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Baz\u0131 vak\u0131flar\u0131n istihdam etti\u011fi personel say\u0131lar\u0131 binden fazlad\u0131r ki bunlar\u0131n aileleriyle birlikte kendi d\u00f6neminde orta boy bir kasaba te\u015fkil ettikleri s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bunun yan\u0131nda k\u00fclliyeye ait binalar\u0131n tamir ve bak\u0131m\u0131, temizlik ve ayd\u0131nlatma gibi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, imaret mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu erzak gibi hususlar\u0131n da iktisadi faaliyetlerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen b\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetlerin vak\u0131f g\u00f6revlilerince icra edildi\u011fi ve masraflar\u0131n\u0131n vak\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vak\u0131flar\u0131n iktisadi boyutu daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu noktadan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fclliyelerin b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurumlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve imar faaliyetlerinin finansman\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yeri oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Buna irili ufakl\u0131 binlerce vakf\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da ilave etti\u011fimizde vak\u0131f sisteminin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde devlet eliyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ve mali krizlerin sebepleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok hizmetin finansman\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve bu hususta devletin katk\u0131s\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 b\u0131rakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada vak\u0131f sisteminin faydalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde sayabiliriz:<\/p>\n

Halk\u0131n ba\u015fta e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k olmak \u00fczere yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan hizmetlerden \u00fccretsiz olarak istifadesi sa\u011flanmaktayd\u0131. Bu hizmetlerin finansman\u0131 vak\u0131f kaynaklar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in devletin bu alanlardaki y\u00fck\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hafifletilmi\u015ftir. Maddi imkan\u0131 yerinde olan ki\u015filerin de g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla vak\u0131f sistemi devaml\u0131 surette geli\u015fme imkan\u0131 bularak artan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n yine vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Vak\u0131flar\u0131n idari ve m\u00e2l\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 nedeniyle faaliyetlerinin daha etkin bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu durum sosyal hayatta \u00e7alkant\u0131lara yol a\u00e7abilecek derin siyas\u00ee ve iktisad\u00ee krizlerin etkilerini de en aza indiren bir i\u015fleyi\u015fe imkan vermi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da toplumun genelinde ve fertlerin g\u00fcndelik hayatlar\u0131nda siyas\u00ee ve iktisad\u00ee krizlerin etkilerinin vak\u0131flar sayesinde daha az hissedildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda vak\u0131flar k\u00e2r imk\u00e2n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan, \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n ilgi duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, imar gibi alanlardaki bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurarak toplumun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu bu t\u00fcr hizmetlerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde de \u00f6nemli bir rol katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. Dr. Tahsin \u00d6zcan Marmara \u00dcniversitesi \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Tarih boyunca d\u00fcnyam\u0131z farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ve medeniyetlere evsahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her medeniyet, benimsedi\u011fi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi kendine has de\u011ferleriyle ve kurumlar\u0131yla di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":17534,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1621],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-iyilik-odulleri-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nVak\u0131f ve Medeniyet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tarih boyunca d\u00fcnyam\u0131z farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ve medeniyetlere evsahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her medeniyet, benimsedi\u011fi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi kendine has de\u011ferleriyle ve kurumlar\u0131yla di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tdv.org\/tr-TR\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vak\u0131f ve Medeniyet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tarih boyunca d\u00fcnyam\u0131z farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ve medeniyetlere evsahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her medeniyet, benimsedi\u011fi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi kendine has de\u011ferleriyle ve kurumlar\u0131yla di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tdv.org\/tr-TR\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye Diyanet Vakf\u0131 Resmi Web Sitesi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Diyanetvakfi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-03-08T13:39:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-05-15T12:41:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tdv.org\/tr-TR\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/makale_21-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"665\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"342\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Selim\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@DiyanetVakfi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@DiyanetVakfi\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Selim\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d93faae616c4d08cce1f62a810b9072a\"},\"headline\":\"Vak\u0131f ve Medeniyet\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-03-08T13:39:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-05-15T12:41:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":3022,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/makale_21-1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"\u0130yilik \u00d6d\u00fclleri Makaleler\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/\",\"name\":\"Vak\u0131f ve Medeniyet\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/vakif-ve-medeniyet\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tdv.org\\\/tr-TR\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/makale_21-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-03-08T13:39:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-05-15T12:41:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"Tarih boyunca d\u00fcnyam\u0131z farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ve medeniyetlere evsahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 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